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信息系統(tǒng)項(xiàng)目管理師英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)資料：項(xiàng)目費(fèi)用管理（中英文對(duì)照）知識(shí)[3]
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7.2.2 Tools and Techniques for Cost Estimating （費(fèi)用估算的工具和技術(shù)）
.1 Analogous estimating. Analogous estimating, also called top-down estimating,
means using the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating
the cost of the current project. It is frequently used to estimate total project costs when
there is a limited amount of detailed info rmation about the project (e.g., in the early
phases). Analogous estimating is a form of expert judgment (described in Section
7.1.2.1).
.1 類比估算。類比估算也叫自上而下估算，就是利用以前類似的項(xiàng)目費(fèi)用作為基礎(chǔ)估算當(dāng)前項(xiàng)目的費(fèi)用。當(dāng)項(xiàng)目可用信息有限時(shí)（如項(xiàng)目的早期階段），常采用這種方法估算項(xiàng)目總費(fèi)用。類比估算是專家判斷的一種形式（見(jiàn)7.1.2.1節(jié)）。
Analogous estimating is generally less costly than other technique s, but it is also
generally less accurate. It is most reliable when (a) the previous projects are similar in
fact and not just in appearance, and (b) the individuals or groups preparing the
estimates have the needed expertise.
類比估算比其它方法便宜，但精度較低。在以下條件下它是可靠的：(a)以前的項(xiàng)目在實(shí)質(zhì)上而不是表面上相似，(b)進(jìn)行估算的個(gè)人或團(tuán)體有必需的專業(yè)技術(shù)。
.2 Parametric modeling. Parametric modeling involves using project
characteristics (parameters) in a mathemati cal model to predict project costs. Models
may be simple (residential home construction will cost a certain amount per square
foot of living space) or complex (one model of software development costs uses 13 separate adjustment factors each of which has 5-7 points on it).
.2 參數(shù)模型。參數(shù)模型法是將項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)（參數(shù)）用數(shù)學(xué)模型方式來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)項(xiàng)目費(fèi)用。模型可以是簡(jiǎn)單的（住宅建設(shè)每平方尺居住面積花費(fèi)多少）或復(fù)雜的（軟件開(kāi)發(fā)費(fèi)用的一個(gè)模型使用13個(gè)單獨(dú)的調(diào)整因子，而每個(gè)因子又有5-7 個(gè)要素）。
Both the cost and accuracy of parametric models varies widely They are most
likely to be reliable when (a) the historical information used to develop the model was
accurate, (b) the parameters used in the m odel are readily quantifiable, and (c) the
model is scalable (i.e., it works as well for a very large project as for a very small
one).
參數(shù)模型法的費(fèi)用和精度變化很大。它們?cè)谝韵聲r(shí)候是可靠的：(a)用于開(kāi)發(fā)模型的歷史信息是精確的，(b)模型中使用的參數(shù)被量化，(c)模型可按比例調(diào)整的（就是，大型項(xiàng)目和小型項(xiàng)目同樣使用）。
.3 Bottom-up estimating. This technique involves estimating the cost of
individual work items, then summarizing or rolling-up the individual estimates to get
a project total.
.3 自下而上估算。這個(gè)技術(shù)是先估算各個(gè)單位工作的費(fèi)用，然后匯總單個(gè)費(fèi)用得出項(xiàng)目整個(gè)費(fèi)用。
The cost and accuracy of bottom-up estimating is driven by the size of the
individual work items: smaller work items increase both cost and accuracy The
project management team must weigh the additional accuracy against the additional
cost.
自下而上估算的精度和費(fèi)用取決于單個(gè)工作項(xiàng)目的大?。?/div>
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.4 Computerized too1s. Computerized tools such as project management
software and spreadsheets are widely used to assist with co st estimating. Such
products can simplify the use of the tools described above an d thereby facilitate rapid
consideration of many costing alternatives.
.4 電腦化工具。項(xiàng)目管理軟件和電子表格等電腦化工具廣泛用于輔助費(fèi)用估算。這些產(chǎn)品簡(jiǎn)化上述工具的使用，提高考慮多種替代方案的速度。
7.2.3 Outputs from Cost Estimating（費(fèi)用估算的輸出）
.1 Cost estimates. Cost estimates are quantitative assessments of the likely costs
of the resources required to complete proj ect activities. They ma y be presented in
summary or in detai1.
.1 費(fèi)用估算。費(fèi)用估算是對(duì)完成項(xiàng)目工序所需的資源的可能費(fèi)用的量化估計(jì)。它可以表達(dá)得很概括或詳細(xì)。
Costs must be estimated for all resources that will be charged to the project. This
includes, but is not limited to, labor, materials, supplies, and special categories such as
an inflation allowance or cost reserve.
必需對(duì)項(xiàng)目上支出的所有資源進(jìn)行估算。它們包括，但不限于，人力、材料、設(shè)備和一些特殊種類，如通貨膨脹補(bǔ)貼或費(fèi)用儲(chǔ)備等。
Cost estimates are generally expressed in units of currency (dollars, francs, yen,
etc.) in order to facilitate comparisons both within and across projects. Other units
such as staff hours or staff days may be used, unless doing so will misstate project
costs (e.g., by failing to differentiate among resources with very different costs). In
some cases, estimates will have to be provided using multiple units of measure in
order to facilitate appropriate management control.
費(fèi)用估算一般以貨幣單位（美元、法郎、日元等）表示，以便項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)或項(xiàng)目間進(jìn)行比較。也可以采用其它一些單位，如工日和工時(shí)，除非這樣做會(huì)對(duì)費(fèi)用估算產(chǎn)生誤解（比如，錯(cuò)誤區(qū)分具有很大差別費(fèi)用的資源）。在某些情況下，估算必需采用多種計(jì)量單位以有利于合適的管理控制。
Cost estimates may benefit from being refined during the course of the project to reflect the additional detail available. In some application areas, there are guidelines
for when such refinements should be made and what degree of accuracy is expected.
For example, AACE International has iden tified a progression of five types of
estimates of construction costs during engi neering: order of magnitude, conceptual,
preliminary definitive, and control.
費(fèi)用估算收益于項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展過(guò)程的細(xì)化結(jié)果，以便反映有利的輔助細(xì)節(jié)。在某些應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，它們是何時(shí)進(jìn)行這種細(xì)化和精確到什么程度的指南。例如，美國(guó)國(guó)際造價(jià)師協(xié)會(huì)已經(jīng)定義了工程中建設(shè)估算的五種級(jí)別：量級(jí)估算、概念估算、初步估算、最終估算和控制估算。
.2 Supporting detai1. Supporting detail for the cost estimates should include:
.2 輔助細(xì)節(jié)。費(fèi)用估算的輔助細(xì)節(jié)包括：
z A description of the scope of work es timated. This is often provided by a reference to the WBS.
需要估算的工作范圍的描述。它通常由WBS的參考資料提供。
z Documentation of the basis for the estimate, i.e., how it was developed.
估算依據(jù)的文檔，即估算是如何編制的。
z Documentation of any assumptions made.
任何作做的假定的文檔。
z An indication of the range of possible results, for example, $10,000 ±
$l,000 to indicate that the item is expected to cost between $9,000 and
$11,000.
可能結(jié)果的范圍說(shuō)明，例如，$10,000 ± $l,000表示該項(xiàng)目的期望費(fèi)用在$9,000 和$11,000之間。
The amount and type of additional detail varies by application area. Retaining
even rough notes may prove valuable by pr oviding a better understanding of how the
estimate was developed.
輔助細(xì)節(jié)的數(shù)量和類型隨應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域變化。即便保留粗略的資料對(duì)更好理解估算的編制過(guò)程都被證明是很有價(jià)值的。
.3 Cost management plan. The cost management plan describes how cost
variances will be managed (e.g., different re sponses to major problems than to minor
ones). A cost management plan may be formal or informal, highly detailed or broadly
framed based on the needs of the project stake holders. It is a subsid iary element of the
overall project plan (d iscussed in Section 4.1.3.1).
.3 費(fèi)用管理計(jì)劃。費(fèi)用管理計(jì)劃描述如何管理費(fèi)用偏差（大問(wèn)題和小問(wèn)題的應(yīng)對(duì)措施是不同的）。費(fèi)用管理計(jì)劃可以是正式的或非正式的、非常詳盡的或粗略的，這取決于項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者的需要。費(fèi)用管理計(jì)劃是整體項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃（見(jiàn)4.1.3.1 節(jié)）的一個(gè)輔助要素。
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