General Management Knowledge and Skills
　　通用管理知識與技能
　　General management encompasses planning, organizing, staffing, executing, and controlling the operations of an ongoing enterprise. It includes supporting disciplines such as:
　　通用管理包括對經營中的企業(yè)的日常運作進行規(guī)劃、組織、配備人員、實施與控制。通用管理還涉及一些輔助學科，例如：
　　Financial management and accounting
　　財務管理與會計
　　Purchasing and procurement
　　采購與采辦
　　Sales and marketing
　　銷售與市場營銷
　　Contracts and commercial law
　　合同與商業(yè)法
　　Manufacturing and distribution
　　制造與批發(fā)
　　Logistics and supply chain
　　物流與供應鏈
　　Strategic planning, tactical planning, and operational planning
　　戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、戰(zhàn)術規(guī)劃與實施規(guī)劃
　　Organizational structures, organizational behavior, personnel administration, compensation, benefits, and career paths
　　組織結構、組織行為、人事管理、補償、福利與成長過程
　　Health and safety practices
　　健康與安全做法
　　Information technology.
　　信息技術
　　General management provides the foundation for building project management skills and is often essential for the project manager. On any given project, skill in any number of general management areas may be required. General management literature documents these skills, and their application is fundamentally the same on a project.
　　通用管理是掌握項目管理技能的基礎，因此對于項目經理而言是十分重要的。在任何具體的項目上，可能要求使用許多通用項目管理領域的技能。通用管理文獻介紹這些技能，它們在項目上的應用基本相同。

Interpersonal Skills
　　處理人際關系技能
　　The management of interpersonal relationships includes:
　　管理人際關系包括：
　　Effective communication. The exchange of information
　　有效的溝通。交流信息。
　　Influencing the organization. The ability to “get things done”
　　對組織施加影響。“把事情辦成”的能力。
　　Leadership. Developing a vision and strategy, and motivating people to achieve that vision and strategy
　　領導。構見遠景和戰(zhàn)略，并激勵人們實現之。
　　Motivation. Energizing people to achieve high levels of performance and to overcome barriers to change
　　 激勵。讓人們充滿活力去取得高水平的業(yè)績并克服變革的障礙。
　　Negotiation and conflict management. Conferring with others to come to terms with them or to reach an agreement
　　談判與沖突管理。與他人商討，與其取得一致或達成協(xié)議。
　　Problem solving. The combination of problem definition, alternatives identification and analysis, and decision-making.
　　解決問題。將明確問題、識別解決辦法與分析和做出決定結合起來。

Project Management Context
　　項目管理環(huán)境
　　Project management exists in a broader context that includes program management, portfolio management and project management office. Frequently, there is a hierarchy of strategic plan, portfolio, program, project and subproject, in which a program consisting of several associated projects will contribute to the achievement of a strategic plan.
　　項目管理處于廣泛的環(huán)境之中，包括計劃管理、綜合行動和項目管理辦公室。戰(zhàn)略計劃、綜合行動、計劃、項目與子項目經常組成為多層次的系統(tǒng)，其中由若干項目聯(lián)系的項目組成的計劃有助于戰(zhàn)略計劃的實現。
　　Programs and Program Management
　　計劃與計劃管理
　　A program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually. Programs may include elements of related work outside of the scope of the discrete projects in the program. For example:
　　計劃是經過協(xié)調統(tǒng)一管理以便獲取單獨管理時無法取得的效益和控制的一組互相聯(lián)系的項目。許多計劃還包括處于計劃中各單個項目范圍之外的有關工作的因素。例如：
　　A new car model program can be broken up into projects for the design and upgrades of each major component （for example, transmission, engine, interior, exterior） while the ongoing manufacturing occurs on the assembly line
　　某新型汽車計劃可分解為各個主要部件（如傳動、發(fā)動機、車箱內部和外部）設計和更新的若干項目，而不打斷裝配線上的制造過程。
　　Many electronics firms have program managers who are responsible for both individual product releases （projects） and the coordination of multiple releases over a period of time （an ongoing operation）。
　　許多電子器件公司都有“計劃經理”，他們既負責單項產品的推出（項目），也負責長期協(xié)調多項產品的推出（持續(xù)運作）。
　　Programs also involve a series of repetitive or cyclical undertakings. For example:
　　計劃還可能涉及一系列重復的或循環(huán)執(zhí)行的任務。例如：
　　Utilities often speak of an annual “construction program,” a series of projects built on previous efforts
　　公用事業(yè)部門常說“年度施工計劃”，是靠以前的努力建成的一系列項目。
　　Many nonprofit organizations have a “fundraising program,” to obtain financial support involving a series of discrete projects, such as a membership drive or an auction
　　許多非營利性的組織都有“資金籌集計劃”，這是為獲取資助的一系列需要單個進行的項目，諸如會員征集活動或拍賣活動。
　　Publishing a newspaper or magazine is also a program with each individual issue managed as a project. This is an example of where general operations can become “management by projects”。
　　報刊雜志的出版工作也是計劃，每一期都按項目進行管理。出版工作本身是一項持續(xù)的業(yè)務，但是每期期刊則是其中的一個項目。報刊雜志的出版是一般連續(xù)業(yè)務“按照項目管理”的一個例子。
　　In contrast with project management, program management is the centralized, coordinated management of a group of projects to achieve the program's strategic objectives and benefits.
　　同項目管理相比，計劃管理是為了實現計劃的戰(zhàn)略目標與利益，而對一組項目進行的統(tǒng)一協(xié)調管理。