Project Stakeholders
　　項目利害關系者
　　Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project,or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion.They may also exert influence over the project's objectives and outcomes.The project management team must identify the stakeholders,determine their requirements and expectations,and,to the extent possible,manage their influence in relation to the requirements to ensure a successful project.Figure 2-5 illustrates the relationship between stakeholders and the project team.
　　項目利害關系者就是積極參與項目，或其利益因項目的實施或完成而受到積極或消極影響的個人和組織，他們還會對項目的目標和結果施加影響。項目管理團隊必須弄清楚誰是利害關系者，確定他們的要求和期望，然后根據他們的要求對其影響盡力加以管理，確保項目取得成功。圖2-5說明了項目利害關系者與項目團隊之間的關系?！　?nbsp;

　　
　　Figure 2-5.The Relationship Between Stakeholders and the Project
　　
　　圖2-5 利害關系者與項目之間的關系

　　Stakeholders have varying levels of responsibility and authority when participating on a project and these can change over the course of the project's life cycle.Their responsibility and authority range from occasional contributions in surveys and focus groups to full project sponsorship,which includes providing financial and political support.Stakeholders who ignore this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives.Likewise,project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes.
　　項目利害關系者在參與項目時的責任與權限大小變化很大，并且在項目生命期的不同階段也會變化。項目利害關系者的責任與權限有時候是偶爾參與調查和重點對象小組，有時候是全力贊助項目，包括提供財力與政治支持。置上述責任與權限于腦后的利害關系者可能會嚴重影響項目的目標。同樣，忽視利害關系者的項目經理也會對項目的結果造成破壞性影響。
　　Sometimes,stakeholder identification can be difficult.For example,some would argue that an assembly-line worker whose future employment depends on the outcome of a new product-design project is a stakeholder.Failure to identify a key stakeholder can cause major problems for a project.For example,late recognition that the legal department was a significant stakeholder in a year 2000 rollover（Y2K）software upgrade project caused many additional documentation tasks to be added to the project's requirements.
　　識別項目利害關系者有時候很困難。例如，某些人會提出將來的就業(yè)取決于新產品設計項目的結果的裝配線工人是否屬于項目利害關系者。不能識別重要的項目利害關系者可能會給項目引發(fā)重大問題。例如，在千年蟲軟件更新項目中，管理者一直到很晚才認識到法律部門是重要的利害關系者，結果是必須在該項目要求說明書中添加許多內容，增加大量文件任務。
　　Stakeholders may have a positive or negative influence on a project.Positive stakeholders are those who would normally benefit from a successful outcome from the project,while negative stakeholders are those who see negative outcomes from the project's success.For example,business leaders from a community that will benefit from an industrial expansion project may be positive stakeholders because they see economic benefit to the community from the project's success.Conversely,environmental groups could be negative stakeholders if they view the project as doing harm to the environment.In the case of positive stakeholders,their interests are best served by helping the project succeed,for example,helping the project obtain the needed permits to proceed.The negative stakeholders'interest would be better served by impeding the project's progress by demanding more extensive environmental reviews.Negative stakeholders are often overlooked by the project team at the risk of failing to bring their projects to a successful end.
　　項目利害關系者對于項目的影響，存在積極和消極的情況都有可能。積極的利害關系者通常是從項目的成功結果中獲益者，而消極的利害關系者是從項目的成功中看到消極結果者。同樣，忽視利害關系者的項目經理也會對項目的結果造成破壞性影響。例如，某社區(qū)從某工業(yè)發(fā)展項目中獲益的商界領袖人物，因為他們看到項目的成功為社區(qū)帶來的經濟利益而可能成為積極的利害關系者。相反，環(huán)境保護組織如果認為該項目損壞環(huán)境的話，就可能成為消極的利害關系者。對于積極的利害關系者，幫助項目成功能夠最好地實現其利益，如幫助項目取得必要的起動許可證。但要求進行更深入的環(huán)境評價，阻礙項目的績效能夠最好地實現消極利害關系者的利益。項目團隊經常忽略消極利害關系者的利益，其后果是無法使項目到達成功的終點。

Key stakeholders on every project include:
　　每個項目都包括的關鍵利害關系者有：
　　Project manager.The person responsible for managing the project.
　　項目經理。負責管理項目的個人。
　　Customer/user.The person or organization that will use the project's product.There may be multiple layers of customers.For example,the customers for a new pharmaceutical product can include the doctors who prescribe it,the patients who take it and the insurers who pay for it.In some application areas,customer and user are synonymous,while in others,customer refers to the entity acquiring the project's product and users are those who will directly utilize the project's product.
　　顧客/用戶。使用項目產品的個人或組織。顧客可能有多個層次。例如，新藥的顧客可能包括開藥方的大夫、服藥的病人，以及為該種藥物付款的醫(yī)療保險公司。在某些應用領域，顧客和用戶是同義詞，但是在另外一些領域，顧客指購買項目結果的實體，而用戶指直接使用該項目產品的個人。
　　Performing organization.The enterprise whose employees are most directly involved in doing the work of the project.
　　項目實施組織。雇員最直接參與項目工作的單位。
　　Project team members.The group that is performing the work of the project.
　　項目管理團隊。完成項目工作的集體。
　　Project management team.The members of the project team who are directly involved in project management activities.
　　項目團隊成員。直接參與項目管理活動的團隊成員。
　　Sponsor.The person or group that provides the financial resources,in cash or in kind,for the project.
　　贊助人。為項目提供現金或實物財力資源的個人或團體。
　　Influencers.People or groups that are not directly related to the acquisition or use of the project's product,but due to an individual's position in the customer organization or performing organization,can influence,positively or negatively,the course of the project.
　　施加影響者。同項目產品的取得和使用沒有直接關系，但是因其在顧客組織或實施組織中的地位而能夠對項目的進程施加積極或消極影響的個人或集體。
　　PMO.If it exists in the performing organization,the PMO can be a stakeholder if it has direct or indirect responsibility for the outcome of the project.
　　項目管理辦公室。如果項目實施組織設立了項目管理辦公室，并且對項目的結果負有直接或間接的責任，它就可能成為一個利害關系者。
　　In addition to these key stakeholders,there are many different names and categories of project stakeholders,including internal and external,owners and investors,sellers and contractors,team members and their families,government agencies and media outlets,individual citizens,temporary or permanent lobbying organizations,and society-at-large.The naming or grouping of stakeholders is primarily an aid to identifying which individuals and organizations view themselves as stakeholders.Stakeholder roles and responsibilities can overlap,such as when an engineering firm provides financing for a plant that it is designing.
　　除上述利害關系者之外，還有許多不同名稱和不同類型的項目利害關系者，包括內部和外部利害關系者、業(yè)主和投資者、供應商和承包商、成員及其家庭、政府機構和媒體、個別公民、臨時的和永久的游說組織，以及整個社會。利害關系者的命名和分類主要是作為判斷哪些個人和組織把自已視為利害關系者的一種輔助手段。利害關系者的角色和責任可能重疊，如某工程公司為它所設計的工廠融資。
　　Project managers must manage stakeholder expectations,which can be difficult because stakeholders often have very different or conflicting objectives.For example:
　　項目經理必須管理利害關系者的期望，這可能是件難事，因為利害關系者的目標往往彼此相距甚遠，甚至互相沖突。例如：
　　The manager of a department that has requested a new management information system may desire low cost,the system architect may emphasize technical excellence,and the programming contractor may be most interested in maximizing its profit.
　　要求添置新管理信息系統(tǒng)的部門經理可能希望費用低廉，系統(tǒng)設計師可能強調技術上上乘，而編程承包人關心的則是取得最大利潤。
　　The vice president of research at an electronics firm may define new product success as state-of-the-art technology,the vice president of manufacturing may define it as world-class practices,and the vice president of marketing may be primarily concerned with the number of new features.
　　某電子公司負責研究工作的副總裁可能會把新產品的成功定義為達到當前最先進技術水平，負責制造的副總裁可能將其定義為世界第一流的生產工藝，而負責營銷的副總裁可能主要關心產品有多少新的特殊性能。
　　The owner of a real estate development project may be focused on timely performance,the local governing body may desire to maximize tax revenue,an environmental group may wish to minimize adverse environmental impacts,and nearby residents may hope to relocate the project.
　　房地產開發(fā)項目的業(yè)主的注意力可能集中于時間進度，當地政府機構可能希望盡可能增加稅收收入，環(huán)保組織可能希望盡量減少對環(huán)境的不利影響，而附近居民則希望將此項目另移他處。